MarI/O is a program made of neural networks and genetic algorithms that kicks butt at Super Mario World.
Source Code: http://pastebin.com/ZZmSNaHX
"NEAT" Paper: http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf
Some relevant Wikipedia links:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroevolution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network
BizHawk Emulator: http://tasvideos.org/BizHawk.html

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Music at the end is Cipher by Kevin MacLeod